Pioneers

Pioneers | Joseph Plateau

In 1832 Joseph Plateau invented the phenakistoscope otherwise known as a spindle viewer. Simon von Stampfer also invented the device but named is a stroboscope. The device works by the persistence of vision to create the illusion of motion. It consists of two discs that are upon the same axis. Disc one has slots on its edge where as disc two has drawings of an action. When viewed in a mirror through disc one slots, disc two gives the illusion of motion. The discs spin together and becomes an endless cycle of motion. http://courses.ncssm.edu/gallery/collections/toys/html/exhibit07.htm

Pioneers | William Horner

In 1834 William Horner invented the zeotrope. However it was first named Daedalum which means the wheel of the devil. Wasn’t until American developer William Lincoln that adopted the name zeotrope for the device which means the wheel of life. Similar to how Joseph Plateaus invention phenaktioscope worked although the pictures were on a strip within a drum with the slits on the upper section. The increase in speed in which the drum is spun creates a smoother image. http://www.exeter.ac.uk/bdc/young_bdc/animation/animation4.htm

Pioneers | Emile Reynaud

In 1877 Emile Reynaud invented the praxinscope in which was in fact an adaption to the famous zeotrope by William Horner. Again like the zeotrope it had a drum design which also revolved. The images however were viewed by reflection in a prism of mirrors which had risen from the middle. As the mirrors moved along with the drum it gave a clear animation of motion. Reynaud then wanted to adapt the device so it could project these images. He replaced the drawings with transparent drawings so that light could be shone through the drawings. The light would then be reflected by the mirror prism and focused onto a screen by a lens. This turned into a theatrical entertainment in 1889. A single flexible strip was created with  more images so it wasn’t a constantly repeating. However the images were hand painted to reproducing the images was difficult. Raynaud’s Theatre Optique was what could be called the closest to cinema.http://www.earlycinema.com/technology/praxinoscope.html   http://freekkinkelaar.nl/2011/07/28/digging-for-gold-part-1/

Pioneers | Eadweard Muybridge

“Father of the motion picture” Eadweard Muybridge began early experiments with photography. in 1882 The Horse in Motion was known as the first ever moving picture. In 1872 Eadweard began to develop into rapid motion photography and was approached by Leland Stanford who was a racehorse owner. He had a wager (bet) that a  horse was ever airborne whilst galloping. Eadweard used wet plates and produced highly underexposed plates proving Stanford that the horse was airbone during galloping. In 1877 Eadweard went back to attempts of high speed photography. Stanford helping him expand his experiments in horse movement. This involved setting up a series of 50 camera on a race track. Using controlled shutters and trip wires on the track he made sure they each automatically took its own picture of the horse as it ran across the track. This then being the Horse in Motion. Zoopraxiscope was an invention of his that aloud projection of his silhouettes that gave the illusion of motion. First viewed by the public in 1882.

Pioneers | Thomas Edison

In 1888 Edison had an idea for a device that would “do for the eye what the phonograph does for the ear” this was the initial idea of recording motion and reproducing it. Naming the device Kinetoscope which is Greek for movement and watch. In 1889 William Kennedy Laurie Dickson was two of his assistance that were given the job of inventing the device. There were many problems during the experiments however John Carbutt developed an emulsion-coated celluloid film sheets. Edison adapted this into his experiment. Dickson  bought in large quantities from The Eastman Company that produced its own celluloid film. in 1890,  William Heise became Dickson’s new assistant in which they both  began to invent a machine that exposed a strip of film. The Kinetoscope was finally shown in 1891. The device was both a camera and a peep-hole viewer. Edison was assigned the credit as it was the products of his laboratory. Although he states he had involvement and made the main decisions. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/edhtml/edmvhist.html

 

 

 

 

 

 

http://www.wildfilmhistory.org/person/180/Eadweard+Muybridge.html 

Technique

• Persistence of Vision 

Is the theory that an image remains on a retina after exposure to the original for a a brief amount of time. (around 0.04 second)  When there is a series of still images being shown at a certain speed the brain thinks its seeing motion. This is used for Film, Animation and Television. The definition of film is “ a sequence of images of moving objects photographed by a camera and providing the optical illusion of continuous movement when projected onto a screen“ However in 1912 there was controversy on the theory stating that there was no scientific evidence to back up the idea. The other preferred theory is Beta Movement described first by  Max Wertheimer in 1912. This is the  illusion of two or more images combined by our brain.

Example (Eadweard Muybridge, Animal locomotion, Plate 695, Elk, 1880s)

http://unit31animation.weebly.com/persistance-of-vision.html (Edited By Leigh Fuller 11 April 2013)

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/film

http://www.princeton.edu/~achaney/tmve/wiki100k/docs/Persistence_of_vision.html

http://www.mediacollege.com/glossary/p/persistence-of-vision.html

http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/Beta_movement

• Stop Motion

Stop Motion is done by moving an object slightly by mm while taking a picture every time moved. When the frames are in sequence it gives the illusion of movement. “Clay figures, puppets and miniatures are often used in stop motion animation as they can be handled and re positioned easily. ” Stop motion has been round since 1897. J. Stuart Blackton and Albert E. Smith created a stop motion called Humpty Dumpty Cirus. As the video has been lost another one they had done by stop motion is The Enchanted Drawing.

http://www.techopedia.com/definition/109/stop-motion-animation

• Frame Rates

The amount of pictures taken per second is called the film rate which is measured in Frames Per Second (FPS). Its the speed of whats been recorded and the speed of the playback. The motion is more accurate if there is more frames per second. Film is commonly shot at 24 frames per second.

http://documentation.apple.com/en/finalcutpro/usermanual/index.html#chapter=D%26section=1%26tasks=true